====== MaxK-GNN: Towards Theoretical Speed Limits for Accelerating Graph Neural Networks Training ======
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======MaxK-GNN: Towards Theoretical Speed Limits for Accelerating Graph Neural Networks Training======
{{Nutshell|Presented MaxK non-linearity as a universal approximator to speedup GNN training|title=Paper}}
{{Nutshell|Presented MaxK non-linearity as a universal approximator to speedup GNN training|title=Paper}}
Revision as of 16:02, 7 November 2023
Boston, MA
Hi, I am Kaustubh, a Ph.D. candidate studying computer engineering in NUCAR lab at Northeastern University with my advisor David Kaeli. My research focuses on designing hardware accelerators for sparse graph workloads.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables the processing of encrypted data without decrypting it.
FHE has garnered significant attention over the past decade as it supports secure outsourcing of data processing to remote cloud services.
Despite its promise of strong data privacy and security guarantees, FHE introduces a slowdown of up to five orders of magnitude as compared to the same computation using plaintext data.
This overhead is presently a major barrier to the commercial adoption of FHE.
In this work, we leverage GPUs to accelerate FHE, capitalizing on a well-established GPU ecosystem available in the cloud.
We propose GME, which combines three key microarchitectural extensions along with a compile-time optimization to the current AMD CDNA GPU architecture.
First, GME integrates a lightweight on-chip compute unit (CU)-side hierarchical interconnect to retain ciphertext in cache across FHE kernels, thus eliminating redundant memory transactions.
Second, to tackle compute bottlenecks, GME introduces special MOD-units that provide native custom hardware support for modular reduction operations, one of the most commonly executed sets of operations in FHE.
Third, by integrating the MOD-unit with our novel pipelined 64-bit integer arithmetic cores (WMAC-units), GME further accelerates FHE workloads by 19%.
Finally, we propose a Locality-Aware Block Scheduler (LABS) that exploits the temporal locality available in FHE primitive blocks.
Incorporating these microarchitectural features and compiler optimizations, we create a synergistic approach achieving average speedups of 796x, 14.2x, and 2.3x over Intel Xeon CPU, NVIDIA V100 GPU, and Xilinx FPGA implementations, respectively.
Homomorphic Encryption (HE) enables users to securely outsource both the storage and computation of sensitive data to untrusted servers. Not only does FHE offer an attractive solution for security in cloud systems, but lattice-based FHE systems are also believed to be resistant to attacks by quantum computers. However, current FHE implementations suffer from prohibitively high latency. For lattice-based FHE to become viable for real-world systems, it is necessary for the key bottlenecks---particularly polynomial multiplication---to be highly efficient.
In this paper, we present a characterization of GPU-based implementations of polynomial multiplication. We begin with a survey of modular reduction techniques and analyze several variants of the widely-used Barrett modular reduction algorithm. We then propose a modular reduction variant optimized for 64-bit integer words on the GPU, obtaining a 1.8x speedup over the existing comparable implementations.
Next, we explore the following GPU-specific improvements for polynomial multiplication targeted at optimizing latency and throughput: 1) We present a 2D mixed-radix, multi-block implementation of NTT that results in a 1.85x average speedup over the previous state-of-the-art. 2) We explore shared memory optimizations aimed at reducing redundant memory accesses, further improving speedups by 1.2x. 3) Finally, we fuse the Hadamard product with neighboring stages of the NTT, reducing the twiddle factor memory footprint by 50%. By combining our NTT optimizations, we achieve an overall speedup of 123.13x and 2.37x over the previous state-of-the-art CPU and GPU implementations of NTT kernels, respectively.
FHE protects against network insecurities in untrusted cloud services, enabling users to securely offload sensitive data
General matrix multiplication (GEMM) libraries on x86 architectures have recently adopted Just-in-time (JIT) based optimizations to dramatically reduce the execution time of small and medium-sized matrix multiplication. The exploitation of the latest CPU architectural extensions, such as the AVX2 and AVX-512 extensions, are the target for these optimizations. Although JIT compilers can provide impressive speedups to GEMM libraries, they expose a new attack surface through the built-in JIT code caches. These software-based caches allow an adversary to extract sensitive information through carefully designed timing attacks. The attack surface of such libraries has become more prominent due to their widespread integration into popular Machine Learning (ML) frameworks such as PyTorch and Tensorflow.
In our paper, we present a novel attack strategy for JIT-compiled GEMM libraries called JAXED. We demonstrate how an adversary can exploit the GEMM library's vulnerable state management to extract confidential CNN model hyperparameters. We show that using JAXED, one can successfully extract the hyperparameters of models with fully-connected layers with an average accuracy of 92%. Further, we demonstrate our attack against the final fully connected layer of 10 popular DNN models. Finally, we perform an end-to-end attack on MobileNetV2, on both the convolution and FC layers, successfully extracting model hyperparameters.
Attack Surface: After the victim’s execution, the victim leaves behind information about its model hyperparameters in the JIT code cache. The attacker probes this JIT code cache through the attacker’s ML model and observes timing information to determine the victim’s model hyperparameters.
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a promising class of Machine Learning algorithms to train on non-euclidean data. GNNs are widely used in recommender systems, drug discovery, text understanding, and traffic forecasting. Due to the energy efficiency and high-performance capabilities of GPUs, GPUs are a natural choice for accelerating the training of GNNs. Thus, we want to better understand the architectural and system level implications of training GNNs on GPUs. Presently, there is no benchmark suite available designed to study GNN training workloads.
In this work, we address this need by presenting GNNMark, a feature-rich benchmark suite that covers the diversity present in GNN training workloads, datasets, and GNN frameworks. Our benchmark suite consists of GNN workloads that utilize a variety of different graph-based data structures, including homogeneous graphs, dynamic graphs, and heterogeneous graphs commonly used in a number of application domains that we mentioned above. We use this benchmark suite to explore and characterize GNN training behavior on GPUs. We study a variety of aspects of GNN execution, including both compute and memory behavior, highlighting major bottlenecks observed during GNN training. At the system level, we study various aspects, including the scalability of training GNNs across a multi-GPU system, as well as the sparsity of data, encountered during training. The insights derived from our work can be leveraged by both hardware and software developers to improve both the hardware and software performance of GNN training on GPUs.
Sparse matrices, more specifically Sparse Matrix-Matrix Multiply (SpGEMM) kernels, are commonly found in a wide range of applications, spanning graph-based path-finding to machine learning algorithms (e.g., neural networks). A particular challenge in implementing SpGEMM kernels has been the pressure placed on DRAM memory. One approach to tackle this problem is to use an inner product method for the SpGEMM kernel implementation. While the inner product produces fewer intermediate results, it can end up saturating the memory bandwidth, given the high number of redundant fetches of the input matrix elements. Using an outer product-based SpGEMM kernel can reduce redundant fetches, but at the cost of increased overhead due to extra computation and memory accesses for producing/managing partial products.
In this thesis, we introduce a novel SpGEMM kernel implementation based on the row-wise product approach. We leverage atomic instructions to merge intermediate partial products as they are generated. The use of atomic instructions eliminates the need to create partial product matrices, thus eliminating redundant DRAM fetches.
To evaluate our row-wise product approach, we map an optimized SpGEMM kernel to a custom accelerator designed to accelerate graph-based applications. The targeted accelerator is an experimental system named PIUMA, being developed by Intel. PIUMA provides several attractive features, including fast context switching, user-configurable caches, globally addressable memory, non-coherent caches, and asynchronous pipelines. We tailor our SpGEMM kernel to exploit many of the features of the PIUMA fabric.
This thesis compares our SpGEMM implementation against prior solutions, all mapped to the PIUMA framework. We briefly describe some of the PIUMA architecture features and then delve into the details of our optimized SpGEMM kernel. Our SpGEMM kernel can achieve 9.4x speedup as compared to competing approaches.
This paper evaluates the reproducibility of a Supercomputing 17 paper titled Extreme Scale Multi-Physics Simulations of the Tsunamigenic 2004 Sumatra Megathrust Earthquake. We evaluate reproducibility on a significantly smaller computer system than used in the original work. We found that we able to demon- strate reproducibility of the multi-physics simulations on a single-node system, as well as confirm multi- node scaling. However, reproducibility of the visual and geophysical simulation results were inconclusive due to issues related to input parameters provided to our model. The SC 17 paper provided results for both CPU-based simulations as well as Xeon Phi based simulations. Since our cluster uses NVIDIA V100s for acceleration, we are only able to assess the CPU-based results in terms of reproducibility.
Horizontal Seafloor displacement simulation
Authors: Chris Bunn, Harrison Barclay, Anthony Lazarev, Toyin Yusuf, Jason Fitch, Jason Booth, Kaustubh Shivdikar, David Kaeli
KTB Wiki, because the best way to store your knowledge is in an indexed SQL database.
This website was built on KTB Wiki. KTB wiki is my side project/attempt to consolidate knowledge gained during my Ph.D. journey. Though many other platforms provide similar service, the process of creating KTB Wiki was a learning experience since it taught me concepts of indexing, load balancing, and in-memory file systems. KTB Wiki was built using MediaWiki and is intended for research purposes only.
